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cyrus Site Admin
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Sun Jul 08, 2007 12:52 pm Post subject: Live Earth Rio Draws Biggest Crowd In The Series |
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Live Earth Rio Draws Biggest Crowd In The Series
Lenny Kravitz
http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003608629
July 07, 2007, 11:55 PM ET
Paulo Terron, Rio de Janeiro
An estimated 400,000 people audience attended the Rio de Janeiro edition of the Live Earth concert series on a sunny day (July 7) of music, oddities and a lot of speeches.
Lenny Kravitz closed the night with a rocking set that opened with "Are You Gonna Go My Way" and finished with "Where Are We Runnin'," but had to be cut by half because of time limitations. Kravitz did find time to run into the middle of the crowd and even speak a few basic words of Portugese.
The event started earlier than scheduled with Brazilian pop singer Guilherme Arantes playing unannounced. He played his pro-ecology hit "Planeta Água" (about Earth's water supply) to a small audience that was mainly hanging out on the Copacabana Beach, where the stage was set. He was followed by TV star Xuxa -- a slightly bizarre choice for a musical festival. In a brief performance, she sang a dance music medley of children's hits, including "Ilarie" and "Doce Mel" surrounded by inflatable animals.
"We're all to blame [for the climate changes]," she said. "It seems silly but it's real. This isn't a concert in benefit of the North Americans. They started the fight -- but we've got to get together." That was an indirect attack on the Brazilian pop singer Ivete Sangalo -- one the biggest stars in the country -- who had a different point of view. In late June she dropped out of the Live Earth bill saying through her manager that "Al Gore chose to be in silence when George W. Bush refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol."
The first act to really get the audience going was the rock group Jota Quest, despite some technical difficulties. Throughout the day, there were additional sound and video outages, and live satellite links to other Live Earth shows never materialized.
Later in the night, Pharrell Williams put on a rock show for the Rio audience, complete with guitar, bass and two drum sets. Macy Gray came onstage wearing a long white party dress with the words "Darfur Red Alert" on it, but she left politics out of a set that featured "Sexual Revolution", "Oblivion" and a mash up of John Lennon's "Give Peace a Chance" with Jimi Hendrix's "Manic Depression."
Samba rock legend Jorge Ben Jor played next and turned the warm winter night into a Carnival ball with his ultimate Brazilian summer hits "País Tropical," "Mas Que Nada" (recently recorded by the Black Eyed Peas with Sergio Mendes) and "Taj Mahal." Backstage, the comedy crew Panico managed to draw even more attention to themselves than the performers while recording for their weekly TV show. After the event, their van was mobbed Beatles-style and had to make an emergency stop at the traditional Copacabana Hotel to hide from the fans. |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 10:57 am Post subject: Live Earth commenced Saturday: Gore urges ‘Seven Point Pledg |
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ENVIROMENT:
Live Earth commenced Saturday: Gore urges ‘Seven Point Pledge’
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C07%5C09%5Cstory_9-7-2007_pg6_11
Al Gore called Thursday on people around the world to sign a “7 Point Pledge” promising personal action in curbing global warming.
The former vice president unveiled the pledge at a press conference to promote Live Earth, the July 7 event of concerts stretching across the globe. Gore was joined by Live Earth founder Kevin Wall and Cathy Zoi, the CEO of the Alliance for Climate Protection.
Audiences at the eight Live Earth concerts and its many other events will be asked to sign the pledge, also available at LiveEarth.org. It asks individuals to:
n Demand that my country join an international treaty within the next two years that cuts global warming pollution by 90 percent in developed countries and by more than half worldwide in time for the next generation to inherit a healthy earth.
n Take personal action to help solve the climate crises by reducing my own CO2 pollution as much as I can and offsetting the rest to become “carbon neutral”.
n Fight for a moratorium on the construction of any new generating facility that burns coal without the capacity to safely trap and store the CO2.
n Work for a dramatic increase in the energy efficiency of my home, workplace, school, place of worship, and means of transportation.
n Fight for laws and policies that expand the use of renewable energy sources and reduce dependence on oil and coal.
n Plant new trees and to join with others in preserving and protecting forests.
n Buy from businesses and support leaders who share my commitment to solving the climate crises and building a sustainable, just and prosperous world for the 21st century.
“Quite a few of the seven points are directly designed to put pressure on governments and on businesses, but do so by asking people around the world to help to focus that pressure,” said Gore.
Gore, Wall and Zoi signed the pledge and were soon thereafter followed by Democratic Rep. Nancy Pelosi, leader of the U.S. House of Representatives, and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a Nevada Democrat, who jointly announced their signing in a press release.
“The general theory behind Live Earth is we need to get this information about the crisis and solutions to it to every person on the planet, as many of them as we can reach,” said Gore. “And then, armed with knowledge, they will put pressure on all political leaders.”
Gore will attend the Live Earth concert at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, where the Police, the Smashing Pumpkins, Alicia Keys and others will perform. Concerts are also planned in England, South Africa, Brazil, China, Japan, Australia and Germany. ap |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Fri Oct 12, 2007 5:52 pm Post subject: Gore Ranks as Most Effective Advocate for Curbing Global War |
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Former Vice President Al Gore and UN climate body win Nobel Peace Prize
Congratulations to Al Gore for well deserved Nobel Peace Prize, his great contributions to reverse Global Warming ….
Mr. Al Gore wrote: | “I will accept this award on behalf of all the people that have been working so long and so hard to try to get the message out about this planetary emergency,” Mr. Gore said in a brief appearance on Friday in Palo Alto, Calif., standing with his wife, Tipper, and four members of the United Nations climate panel. “I’m going back to work right now,” he said. “This is just the beginning.” |
washingtonpost wrote: |
Gore Ranks as Most Effective Advocate for Curbing Global Warming
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101201541.html
By Juliet Eilperin
Washington Post Staff Writer
Friday, October 12, 2007; 5:18 PM
Former vice president Al Gore's Nobel Peace Prize win today meant the same thing to both his supporters and detractors: He now ranks as the world's most effective public advocate for curbing global warming.
While an array of activists, politicians and business leaders have all called in recent years for more stringent limits on greenhouse gases linked to climate change, no one has reshaped the public perception of what was once a wonkish scientific debate more than Gore. Through his tireless travel and slide show presentations, captured on screen in the 2006 film "An Inconvenient Truth," Gore has inserted himself into the policy debate both at home and in countries across the globe. |
Quote: |
Gore: Nobel win a chance 'to change the way people think'
http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/12/nobel.gore/index.html
PALO ALTO, California (CNN) -- Sharing the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize helps underscore the urgency of the climate crisis, said former Vice President Al Gore on Friday.
"This is a chance to elevate global consciousness about the challenges that we face now," said Al Gore.
Gore's comments came hours after the Nobel committee announced he would share the award with the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their work to raise awareness about global warming.
"This is a chance to elevate global consciousness about the challenges that we face now," Gore said, speaking to reporters in Palo Alto, California. "It truly is a planetary emergency, and we have to respond quickly."
The former vice president said he would donate his half of the $1.5 million prize to the Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization he founded to persuade people to reduce global warming by cutting pollution. |
ActivistChat 7007 wrote: |
The Free World Did Not Listen To Shah Of Iran Warning Otherwise We Would Not Face The Global Warning Today And Based On Many Facts We Think Shah Of Iran Deserves to Win Nobel Peace Prize Too ....
Why and How did we get here with Global Warming, Did Not Replace Oil With Clean/Safe Hydrogen and Today Islamist Mess?
Source URL: http://www.bookrags.com/1973_oil_crisis
The West could not continue to increase its energy use 5% annually, pay low oil prices, yet sell inflation-priced goods to the petroleum producers in the Third World. This was stressed by the Shah of Iran, whose nation was the world's second-largest exporter of oil and the closest ally of the United States in the Middle East at the time. "Of course [the world price of oil] is going to rise," the Shah told the New York Times in 1973. "Certainly! And how...; You [Western nations] increased the price of wheat you sell us by 300%, and the same for sugar and cement...; You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, redefined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid to us...; It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more."[2]
Characteristic Candor
Short Video Clip of Shah's Message to the Free Leaders Wake Up Call For Taking Too Many Sleeping Pills were ignored and After 33 Years Today We can see the result of Free World Leaders Mistakes
http://community.activistchat.com/kickapps/service/displayMediaPlayPage.kickAction?mediaType=VIDEO&mediaId=43795&as=4685
Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon Said "The Shah is a nut." who is pushing for higher and higher oil prices Monday, Jul. 29, 1974
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911453,00.html
After 30 years of major Wars in Middle East, Islamist Terrorism and environmental disaster for planet earth the Environmentalist And Global Warming activists should consider the elected Free World leaders and Neo Colonialists who ignored the facts as real NUT because they were not faithful to the American founding fathers vision, principle, spirit of freedom, US constitution which are defined as below:
1- Have a secular democracy purpose
2- Have a Human Rights purpose
3- Have a Free Society purpose
4- Have a primary effect to increase freedom at global level.
5- Have the element of War Of Ideas to expand public awareness, education and expansion of truth.
6- Have an element of Freedom of Choice
7- Applying the U.S.A. Supreme Court accepted "Lemon test," to foreign policy decisions, strategy and conduct. According to the "Lemon test," in order to be constitutional, a law or public act must: a) Have a secular purpose. b) Have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. c) Not result in excessive governmental entanglement with religion.
8- Move towards better unified global fair Justice System.
Over 2500 years ago The Ethical Persian Empire created by Cyrus The Great with the simple philosophy of Good Words, Good Thoughts and Good Deeds based on Human Rights and in past 30 years G8 countries policy towards Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan and others was based on Bad Words, Bad Thoughts, Bad Deeds, Extreme Greed , Ignored Human Rights, Not Support Secular Democracy Bribe and Support Islamic Fascist Occupiers Of Iran for Cheap Oil , exploitation of their resources and selling Arms for short term profit…..
Shah Of Iran like all other leaders of world is not without mistakes and one of his mistake was accepting wrong advise from both US and UK leaders not to give political freedom to Iranian people while allowing the Mullahs and Islamists to operate freely for wrong westeren fear factor from communism buble ….
After 60 years of free world leaders careless mistakes, it is time to remember Shah of Iran as honorable man of peace with correct policy and vision regarding Oil prices and if the free world leaders had accepted his correct vision the world would not face with the kind of Global Warming and Point Of No Return that we are facing today, Islamist Mafia network…
The Islamist Mafia Terror Networks started with planned and plotted Islamist Revolution coup in Iran , which directly connected to 2 Afghanistan Wars, 3 Iraqi Wars, Iran-Iraq War, Sept 11, Islamist Terrorism ....
The elected free world leaders and UN might not be able to solve the complex Global Warming problem in short period of time however they have good chance to stop expansion of Islamist Mafia terror network cancer now if we focus on regime change in Iran and stop appeasing Islamist minority in Iran and try our best to replace the Islamist Mafia system in Iran with Free Society and secular democracy before it becomes too late …. Accepting that Mr. Simon, and other Free World leaders who all failed us in past 30 years by ignoring the known facts is opening the new window for better understanding and strategy in future if we can increase public awareness for TRUTH without any dogma, hidden agenda and beginning of new Era …
Background Facts and Truth wrote: |
Introduction:
The perspective we get on Earth, our planet appears to be big and sturdy with an endless ocean of air. From space, astronauts often get the impression that the Earth is small with a thin, fragile layer of atmosphere. For a space traveler, the distinguishing Earth features are the blue waters, brown and green land masses and white clouds set against a black background. We should love and respect our small beautiful mother earth planet.
Many dream of traveling in space and viewing the wonders of the universe. In reality all of us are space travelers. Our spaceship is the planet Earth, traveling at the speed of 108,000 kilometers (67,000 miles) an hour. In order to control unlimited human greed and power in this century we must educate ourselves that as long as men can not create self sufficient spaceship like earth we must be wise how we use the earth resources and men is not the only owner of this spaceship.
Global warming is a real and alarming event that is not being given the attention it deserves - awareness of this problem by public is the key for finding solution and avoiding to get worse than what it is Bleakest report ever on global warming
Almost 6 decades of cheap petroleum have had devastating effects on both the demand and the supply side of the world's energy balance. The great conservation efforts, originally launched in the aftermath of the 1973 Arab oil embargo and the resulting explosion in oil prices, have been abandoned. By 1975 even Americans, with their passion for large cars, were buying mostly so-called compacts with four-cylinder engines, and the smallest cars on the market were the ones most in demand.
We have to wonder what future generations are going to say about us if we can not stop this stupidity of careless free world politicians who are directly responsible for Global Warming of No Point of Return , this madness of our generation will get the blame for letting it happen. The Free World governments wrong greedy corrupt energy policies, our Cars, our City Planning , our Home Buildings, our office Buildings … are all based on cheap oil and energy with endless supply of energy without considering any side effects and consequences.
Watch Superb 30 Seconds Question By American Family For Presidential Candidates
Global Warming Facts by the Numbers Chilling statistics to Think About :
Source URL: http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?contentID=4981
* 1 Rank of 2005 as hottest year on record (tied with 1998), according to NASA.
* 100% Increase in intensity and duration of hurricanes and tropical storms since the 1970's, according to a 2005 MIT study.
* $100 Billion Estimate of damage caused by hurricanes hitting the U.S. coast in 2005 alone, according to the National Climatic Data Center.
* 2030 Year by which Glacier National Park will have no glaciers left, according to the U.S. Geological Survey predictions.
* 400,000 Square miles of Arctic sea ice that have melted in the last 30 years (roughly the size of Texas), threatening polar bear habitats and further accelerating global warming worldwide, according to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.
* 15-37% Amount of plant and animal species that global warming could wipe out by 2050.
Video Clip Global Warming: Point of No Return?
http://community.activistchat.com/kickapps/service/displayMediaPlayPage.kickAction?mediaType=VIDEO&mediaId=57786&as=4685
Past 30 Years Carbon Dioxide Increase :
Source URL: http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/ |
Admitting to A Problem, Root Causes and Accepting Mistakes Are The Best Steps Toward Finding A Better Solution In Future
Are They Hearing Us After 30 Years?
7007 ActivistChat
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cyrus Site Admin
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Thu May 22, 2008 12:08 pm Post subject: Termite Power |
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Wild Fascinating Bioenergy Research?
Termite Power Research?
2 Liters Of hydrogen from fermenting just one sheet of paper- New Fuel?
DOE JGI wrote: |
Termite Power
Source:
http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/bioenergy/bioenergy_4.html
One of DOE’s most enduring goals is to replace fossil fuels with renewable sources of cleaner energy, such as hydrogen produced from plant biomass fermentation. The gut of a termite is helping DOE JGI reach this goal through metagenomics.
The lowly termite is capable of cranking out two liters of hydrogen from fermenting just one sheet of paper, making it one of the planet’s most efficient bioreactors. Termites accomplish this Herculean task by exploiting the metabolic capabilities of about 200 different species of microbes that inhabit their hindguts.
Hydrogen is normally created by using electricity to remove hydrogen molecules from water or natural gas, but the electricity is most often generated using fossil fuels that emit carbon pollutants. The microbial community in the termite gut efficiently manufactures large quantities of clean hydrogen. By sequencing the termite’s microbial community, DOE JGI can provide a better understanding of these biochemical pathways.
Termites eat wood, but they can’t extract energy from the complex lignocellulose polymers within it. These polymers are broken down into simple sugars by fermenting bacteria in the termite’s gut, using enzymes that produce hydrogen as a byproduct. A second wave of bacteria uses the simple sugars and hydrogen to make the acetate the termite requires for energy. If DOE JGI can figure out which enzymes are used to create hydrogen, and which genes produce them, this process could be scaled up with bioreactors to generate hydrogen from woody biomass, such as poplar, in commercial quantities. |
wrote: |
Advantages Hydrogen
Hydrogen has one of the highest gravimetric energy densities of all available fuels, which means it has very high energy content per unit mass (143 MJ/kg, 40 percent more than other rocket fuels).[1].
As one of the lightest fuels available, one liter of hydrogen weighs only 0.07 kg. That is a density of 70.99 g/L (at 20 K).
Producing “zero emissions”, the byproducts of its combustion with oxygen alone are mainly water vapor. |
www.eia.doe.gov wrote: |
What is Hydrogen?
Hydrogen An Energy Carrier
How Is Hydrogen Made?
Uses of Hydrogen
Hydrogen Use in Vehicles
Future of Hydrogen
links page
Did you know- hydrogen is the lightest element?
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/IntermediateHydrogen.html
WHAT IS HYDROGEN?
Hydrogen is the simplest element known to man. Each atom of hydrogen has only one proton. It is also the most plentiful gas in the universe. Stars are made primarily of hydrogen.
The sun is basically a giant ball of hydrogen and helium gases. In the sun's core, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms. This process�called fusion�gives off radiant energy.
This radiant energy sustains life on earth. It gives us light and makes plants grow. It makes the wind blow and rain fall. It is stored as chemical energy in fossil fuels. Most of the energy we use today came from the sun's radiant energy.
Hydrogen gas is lighter than air and, as a result, it rises in the atmosphere. This is why hydrogen as a gas (H2) is not found by itself on earth. It is found only in compound form with other elements. Hydrogen combined with oxygen, is water (H2O). Hydrogen combined with carbon, forms different compounds such as methane (CH4), coal, and petroleum. Hydrogen is also found in all growing things�biomass. It is also an abundant element in the earth's crust.
Hydrogen has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight(about three times more than gasoline), but the lowest energy content by volume (about four times less than gasoline). It is the lightest element, and it is a gas at normal temperature and pressure.
HYDROGEN - AN ENERGY CARRIER
An energy carrier is a substance or system that moves energy in a usable form from one place to another. Electricity is the most well-known energy carrier. We use electricity to move the energy in coal, uranium, and other energy sources from power plants to homes and businesses. We also use electricity to move the energy in flowing water from hydropower dams to consumers. It is much easier to use electricity than the energy sources themselves.
Like electricity, hydrogen is an energy carrier and must be produced from another substance. Hydrogen is not widely used today but it has great potential as an energy carrier in the future. Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of resources (water, fossil fuels, biomass) and is a byproduct of other chemical processes. Unlike electricity, large quantities of hydrogen can be easily stored to be used in the future. Hydrogen can also be used in places where it�s hard to use electricity. Hydrogen can store the energy until it’s needed and can be moved to where it’s needed.
HOW IS HYDROGEN MADE?
Since hydrogen doesn't exist on earth as a gas, we must separate it from other elements. We can separate hydrogen atoms from water, biomass, or natural gas molecules. The two most common methods for producing hydrogen are steam reforming and electrolysis (water splitting). Scientists have even discovered that some algae and bacteria give off hydrogen.
Steam reforming is currently the least expensive method of producing hydrogen and accounts for about 95 percent of the hydrogen produced in the United States. It is used in industries to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in methane(CH4). Because methane is a fossil fuel, the process of steam reforming results in greenhouse gas emissions that are linked with global warming.
Electrolysis is a process that splits hydrogen from water. It results in no emissions but it is currently a very expensive process. New technologies are being developed all the time.
Hydrogen can be produced at large central facilities or at small plants for local use. Every region of the country (and the world) has some resource that can be used to make hydrogen. Its flexibility is one of its main advantages.
USES OF HYDROGEN
About 7.8 million metric tonnes (17.2 billion pounds) of hydrogen are produced in the United States today, enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes. Nearly all of this hydrogen is used by industry in refining, treating metals, and processing foods.
Most of this hydrogen is produced in just three states: California, Louisiana, and Texas.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the primary user of hydrogen as an energy fuel; it has used hydrogen for years in the space program. Liquid hydrogen fuel lifts the space shuttle into orbit. Hydrogen batteries—called fuel cells—power the shuttle’s electrical systems. The only by-product is pure water, which the crew uses as drinking water.
Hydrogen fuel cells (batteries) make electricity. They are very efficient, but expensive to build. Small fuel cells can power electric cars. Large fuel cells can provide electricity in out of the way places with no power lines.
Because of the high cost to build fuel cells, large hydrogen power plants won't be built for a while. However, fuel cells are being used in some places as a source of emergency power to hospitals and to wilderness locations. Portable fuel cells are being sold to provide longer power for laptop computers, cell phones, and military applications.
HYDROGEN USE IN VEHICLES
There are currently about 200 hydrogen-fueled vehicles in the United States – mostly in California. Most of these vehicles are buses and automobiles powered by electric motors. They store hydrogen gas or liquid on board and convert the hydrogen into electricity for the motor using a fuel cell. Only a few of these vehicles burn the hydrogen directly (producing almost no pollution).
Hydrogen vehicles are starting to move from the laboratory to the road. One California family has recently leased a hydrogen car for personal use. The U.S. postal service, a package delivery company, a few Florida Park rangers, and a few private utility companies are also using hydrogen vehicles. It will probably be at least 10 years, though, before you can walk into your local car dealer and drive away in an affordable hydrogen-powered car.
Even then, you will need a place to refuel your hydrogen car. Currently, there are about 25 hydrogen refueling stations nationwide. This is the so-called “chicken and egg” problem that hydrogen developers are working hard to solve. Namely: who will buy hydrogen cars if there are no refueling stations? And who will pay to build a refueling station if there are no cars and customers?
One possible solution is to eliminate refueling stations entirely. Automobile manufacturers have already designed a refrigerator-sized hydrogen generator for your garage that works off electricity. Consumers would simply refill their cars with hydrogen each night while it is parked.
THE FUTURE OF HYDROGEN
Hydrogen has great potential as an environmentally clean energy fuel and as a way to reduce reliance on imported energy sources. Before hydrogen can play a bigger energy role and become a widely used alternative to gasoline, many new facilities and systems must be built. We will need facilities to make hydrogen, store it, and move it. We will need economical fuel cells. And consumers will need the technology and the education to safely use it.
Last Reviewed: November 2007
Sources: Energy Information Administration,Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternative Fuels.
The National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2005.
Quote: |
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/morehydrogen.html
activities:
Hydrogen Electrolosis (pdf)- activity grades 4-9
On the main EIA website (for grownups):
information sheets- by topic:
Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels
On other sites :
EIA Links Disclaimer: These pages contain hypertext links to information created and maintained by other public and private organizations. These links provide additional information that may be useful or interesting and are being provided consistent with the intended purpose of the EIA website. EIA does not control or guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of this outside information. EIA does not endorse the organizations sponsoring linked websites, the views they express, or the products and services they offer.
National Energy Education Development(NEED) Project - materials for primary, elementary, intermediate, and secondary levels
Collecting the History of Fuel Cells on the Smithsonian National Museum of American History website
Fusion Basics from the General Atomics Fusion Energy Researchwebsite |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Fri May 23, 2008 10:20 am Post subject: Watch Hydrogen Fuel Expert With 40 Years Experience |
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Must Watch and Learn From Roy McAlister The Hydrogen Fuel Expert With 40 Years Experience
www.eia.doe.gov wrote: |
Hydrogen - for Education Of 9th through 12th Grade Students
What is Hydrogen?
How Is Hydrogen Made?
Uses of Hydrogen
Future of Hydrogen
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/SecondaryHydrogen.html#HowIsHydrogenMade
What Is Hydrogen?
Hydrogen is the simplest element known to exist. An atom of hydrogen has only one proton and one electron. Hydrogen has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight, but the lowest energy content by volume. It is the lightest element, and a gas at normal temperature and pressure.
Hydrogen condenses to a liquid at temperatures of minus 423 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 253 degrees Celsius). It is the coldest liquid known on earth!
Hydrogen is also the most abundant gas in the universe, and the source of all the energy we receive from the sun. The sun is basically a giant ball of hydrogen and helium gases. In a process called fusion, two hydrogen atoms combine to form one helium atom, releasing energy as radiation.
This radiant energy is our most abundant energy source. It gives us light and heat and makes plants grow. It causes the wind to blow and the rain to fall. It is stored as chemical energy in fossil fuels. Most of the energy we use originally came from the sun.
Hydrogen gas is lighter than air, and as a result, it rises in the atmosphere. This is why hydrogen as a gas (H2) is not found naturally on earth and must be manufactured. Natural hydrogen by contrast is always mixed with other elements, in coumpound form. Combined with oxygen, it is water (H2O). Combined with carbon, it makes different compounds such as methane (CH4), coal, and petroleum. Hydrogen is also found in all growing things—biomass.Hydrogen is also one of the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust.
Most of the energy we use today comes from fossil fuels. Only six percent comes from renewable energy sources. Renewable sources are usually cleaner, and can be replenished in a short period of time. We won’t run out of hydrogen either.
Every day we use fuel, principally coal, to produce electricity. Electricity is a secondary source of energy. Secondary sources of energy—energy carriers— are used to store, move, and deliver energy in easily usable form. We convert energy to electricity because it is easier for us to transport and use. Try splitting an atom, building a dam, or burning coal to run your television. Energy carriers make life easier.
Hydrogen has some advantages that may make it a more important energy carrier in the future. Unlike electricity, large quantities of hydrogen can be easily stored (electricity must be produced at the time it is needed.) Hydrogen is also a high efficiency, low polluting fuel that can be used for transportation, heating, and power generation in places where it is difficult to use electricity. In some cases, shipping hydrogen by pipeline can be cheaper than sending electricity over long distances by wire. It can also be stored in a number of different ways. Since hydrogen gas is not found in its natural state on earth, it must be manufactured. There are several ways to do this.
How is Hydrogen Made?
Industry produces the hydrogen it needs by a process called steam reforming. High-temperature steam separates hydrogen from the carbon atoms in methane (CH4). The hydrogen produced by this method isn’t used as a fuel. It is used for industrial processes. This is the most cost-effective way to produce hydrogen today, but it uses fossil fuels both in the manufacturing process and as the heat source resulting in greenhous gas emissions.
Another way to make hydrogen is by electrolysis—splitting water into its basic elements––hydrogen and oxygen. Electrolysis involves passing an electric current through water to separate the atoms (2H2O + electricity = 2H2 + O2). Hydrogen collects at the negatively charged cathode and oxygen at the positive anode.
Hydrogen produced by electrolysis is extremely pure, and electricity from renewable energy sources can be used, but it is very expensive at this time. Today, hydrogen from electrolysis is ten times as costly as natural gas and three times as costly as gasoline per Btu.
On the other hand, water is abundant and renewable, and technological advances in renewable electricity could make electrolysis a more attractive way to produce hydrogen in the future.
There are also several experimental methods of producing hydrogen. Photoelectrolysis uses sunlight to split water molecules into its components. A semiconductor absorbs the energy from the sun and acts as an electrode to separate the water molecules.
In biomass gasification, wood chips and agricultural wastes are super-heated until they turn into hydrogen and other gases. Biomass can also be used to provide the heat.
Scientists have also discovered that some algae and bacteria produce hydrogen under certain conditions, using sunlight as their energy source. Experiments are underway to find ways to induce these microbes to produce hydrogen efficiently.
Hydrogen Uses
The U.S. hydrogen industry currently produces about nine million tons of hydrogen a year, enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes. Most of this hydrogen is used for industrial applications such as refining, treating metals, and food processing.
At the present time, hydrogen’s main use as a fuel is in the NASA space program. Liquid hydrogen is the fuel that has propelled the space shuttle and other rockets since the 1970s. Hydrogen fuel cells power the shuttle’s electrical systems, producing pure water, which is used by the crew as drinking water.
In the future, however, hydrogen will join electricity as an important energy carrier, since it can be made safely from renewable energy sources and is virtually non-polluting. It will also be used as a fuel for ‘zero-emissions’ vehicles, to heat homes and offices, to produce electricity, and to fuel aircraft. Cost is the major obstacle.
The first widespread use of hydrogen will probably be as an additive to transportation fuels. Hydrogen can be combined with gasoline, ethanol, methanol, and natural gas to increase performance and reduce pollution. Adding just five percent hydrogen to gasoline can reduce nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions by 30 to 40 percent in today’s engines.
An engine converted to burn pure hydrogen produces only water and minor amounts of NOX as exhaust.
A few hydrogen-powered vehicles are on the road today, but it will probably be 10-20 years before you can walk into your local car dealer and drive away in one. Finding hydrogen fuel today might be difficult.
Can you imagine how huge the task would be to quickly change the gasoline-powered transportation system we have today? (Just think of the thousands of filling stations across the country, and the production and distribution systems that serve them.) Change will come slowly to this industry, but hydrogen is a versatile fuel; it can be used in many ways.
The space shuttle uses hydrogen fuel cells (batteries) to run its computer systems. The fuel cells basically reverse electrolysis—hydrogen and oxygen are combined to produce electricity. Hydrogen fuel cells are very efficient and produce only water as a by-product, but they are expensive to build.
With technological advances, small fuel cells could someday power electric vehicles and larger fuel cells could provide electricity in remote areas.
Because of the cost, hydrogen will not produce electricity on a wide scale in the near future. It may, though, be added to natural gas to reduce emissions from existing power plants.
As the production of electricity from renewables increases, so will the need for energy storage and transportation. Many of these sources—especially solar and wind—are located far from population centers and produce electricity only part of the time. Hydrogen may be the perfect carrier for this energy. It can store the energy and distribute it to wherever it is needed. It is estimated that transmitting electricity long distances is four times more expensive than shipping hydrogen by pipeline.
Future of Hydrogen
Before hydrogen can make a significant contribution to the U.S. energy picture, many new systems must be designed and built. There must be large production and storage facilities and a distribution system. And consumers must have the technology to use it.
The use of hydrogen raises concerns about safety. Hydrogen is a volatile gas with high energy content. Early skeptics had similar concerns about natural gas and gasoline—even about electricity. People were afraid to let their children too near the first light bulbs. As hydrogen technologies develop, safety issues will be addressed. Hydrogen can be produced, stored, and used as safely as other fuels. |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Tue May 27, 2008 7:39 pm Post subject: aluminum alloy to extract hydrogen from water |
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New process generates hydrogen from aluminum alloy to run engines, fuel cells
Source: http://www.physorg.com/news98556080.html
A Purdue University engineer has developed a method that uses an aluminum alloy to extract hydrogen from water for running fuel cells or internal combustion engines, and the technique could be used to replace gasoline.
Purdue researchers demonstrate their method for producing hydrogen by adding water to an alloy of aluminum and gallium. The hydrogen could then be used to run an internal combustion engine. The reaction was discovered by Jerry Woodall, center, a distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering. Charles Allen, holding test tube, and Jeffrey Ziebarth, both doctoral students in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, are working with Woodall to perfect the process. (Purdue News Service photo/David Umberger) |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Tue Jun 03, 2008 10:11 am Post subject: |
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EcoGeeks get all the girls
By Hank Green Posted Wed May 28, 2008 1:59am PDT
http://green.yahoo.com/blog/ecogeek/539/ecogeeks-get-all-the-girls.html
Just in case you needed another reason to care about the environment: It turns out girls dig guys who dig environmental technology.
According to a study conducted by GM as part of this year's Challenge X competition:
Nearly 9 in 10 women (88 percent) say they'd rather chat up someone who owns the latest fuel-efficient car versus the latest sports car.
Eighty percent of American car buyers would find someone with the latest fuel-efficient car more interesting to talk to at a party than someone with the latest sports car.
More than 4 out of 10 (45 percent) 18- to 43-year-olds say it's a fashion faux pas nowadays to have a car that's not green or environmentally friendly.
Little did we know we've been fashionable all along! (OK, maybe not me - I'm still tooling around in my old Sentra.) No one seems to have told 80 percent of America that it's actually greener to keep driving your current car than to invest in buying a new one.
Nonetheless, this study is good news. And when I buy my first new car (never!), I'll be sure to let everyone know how green it is.
GM's Challenge X is a yearly competition among college students to make GM vehicles more efficient. This year's competition had students from 17 universities "re-engineering" Chevy's Equinox to make it more efficient and reduce its greenhouse impact, while retaining consumer appeal.
Solutions the students put together included using alternative propulsion systems like fuel cells and hybrid technologies, and using alternative fuels like biodiesel and ethanol.
This year's winners are from Mississippi State. They increased the fuel economy of the Equinox by almost 40 percent with a hybrid-electric biodiesel engine.
That's hot. |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Tue Jun 03, 2008 7:04 pm Post subject: Aviation first: Plane flies on hydrogen, fuel cells |
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Aviation first: Plane flies on hydrogen, fuel cells
Boeing touts green, electric power for auxiliary use on large aircraft
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23936802/ |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Tue Jun 03, 2008 7:09 pm Post subject: The Basics and Fact Sheet On Hydrogen's Properties |
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The Basics and Fact Sheet On Hydrogen's Properties
http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/basics.asp
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for 90 percent of the universe by weight. It is not commonly found in its pure form since it readily combines with other elements. (DOE) It is found in the water that covers 70% of the Earth’s surface and in all organic matter. (Air Products)
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonpoisonous gas under normal conditions on Earth. (DOE)
Hydrogen is highly flammable; it only takes a small amount of energy to ignite it and make it burn. It also has a wide flammability range, meaning it can burn when it makes up 4 to 74 percent of the air by volume. (DOE)
Hydrogen burns with a pale-blue, almost-invisible flame, making hydrogen fires difficult to see. (DOE)
The combustion of hydrogen produces no carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate, or sulfur emissions. It can produce nitrous oxide (NOX) emissions under some conditions. (DOE)
Hydrogen can be produced from renewable resources, such as by reforming ethanol (this process emits some carbon dioxide) and by the electrolysis of water (electrolysis is very expensive). (DOE)
Today, hydrogen is primarily used as a feedstock, intermediate chemical, or specialty chemical. (DOE) Many envision a hydrogen future which will use hydrogen as an energy carrier or fuel.
NASA is the primary user of hydrogen as an energy carrier. (DOE)
The energy in one gallon of gasoline is roughly equivalent to 1 kg of Hydrogen. (S&TR)
Typically, a gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) is 18-20% efficient (S&TR); hydrogen ICEs are about 25% efficient (Automotive Fleet); methanol fuel cells are about 38% efficient (AMI); and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles like Toyota’s FCHV-4 are 60% efficient—3 times better than today’s gasoline fueled engines. (Toyota)
The amount of energy produced by hydrogen per unit weight of fuel is about 3 times the amount of energy contained in an equal weight of gasoline, and almost 7 times that of coal. (FSEC)
Hydrogen energy density per volume is quite low at standard temperature and pressure. Volumetric energy density can be increased by storing the hydrogen under increased pressure or storing it at extremely low temperatures as a liquid. (DOE)
Production
The U.S. hydrogen industry currently produces 9 million tons of hydrogen per year (enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes) for use in the following processes (DOE):
Chemicals production
Petroleum refining
Metals treating
Electrical applications
Steam methane reforming accounts for 95% of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. (DOE).
Other methods of hydrogen production inclue:
Gasification of fossil fuels (e.g. coal)
Splitting water using electricity (electrolysis), heat or light
Thermal or biological conversion of biomass (DOE)
Transportation
Hydrogen is currently transported by pipeline or by road via cylinders, tube trailers, and cryogenic tankers, with a small amount shipped by rail or barge. (DOE)
Pipelines, which are owned by merchant hydrogen producers, are limited to a few areas in the U.S. where large hydrogen refineries and chemical plants are concentrated, such as Indiana, California, Texas, and Louisiana. (DOE)
Hydrogen distribution via high-pressure cylinders and tube trailers has a range of 100-200 miles from the production facility. For longer distances of up to 1,000 miles, hydrogen is usually transported as a liquid in super-insulated, cryogenic, over-the-road tankers, railcars, or barges, and then vaporized for use at the customer site. (DOE)
Hydrogen can be stored as a compressed gas or liquid, or in a chemical compound. (DOE)
Sources
Air Products
AMI
Automotive Fleet
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
FSEC
S&TR
Toyota |
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cyrus Site Admin
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Posted: Tue Jun 03, 2008 8:46 pm Post subject: FAQ On HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER |
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Frequently Asked Questions
Don't see your question below? Please contact us.
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER
http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/faqs.asp
Why is hydrogen used as a fuel?
How does hydrogen compare with other fuels like gasoline and diesel?
How much hydrogen is consumed to produce 1 kWh of electricity using a PEM fuel cell?
What is the octane rating of hydrogen?
PRODUCTION
How is hydrogen produced?
How does an electrolyzer produce hydrogen from water?
How much water is used to make hydrogen?
How much water would the U.S. use to fuel the entire light-duty vehicle fleet (cars and small trucks) with hydrogen?
How much energy is required to produce hydrogen via electrolysis of water?
Doesn't it take too much energy to make hydrogen? Is it worth doing?
How much hydrogen is produced each year?
How much hydrogen does the U.S. use?
How much does hydrogen cost?
How is hydrogen bought and sold today?
VEHICLES
How do hydrogen vehicles work?
If all cars ran on hydrogen, and all hydrogen was made from water, would we run out of water?
How viable are hydrogen vehicles as an alternative to gasoline-powered cars?
What happens to the tank in my car if I get rear-ended?
Will I ever be able to buy a hydrogen-powered vehicle?
Where can I find information on the progress that hydrogen vehicles and fueling stations are making under DOE's Technology Validation Program?
How many hydrogen fueling stations exist or are planned?
SAFETY
Is hydrogen safe?
If hydrogen has a greater flammability range than gasoline, doesn't that make it unsafe to use?
Is hydrogen harmful to breathe?
Did hydrogen cause the Hindenburg accident?
How is burning hydrogen different than the reaction in the H-bomb?
MISCELLANEOUS
Where do I find information on investing in hydrogen technologies?
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HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER
Why is hydrogen used as a fuel?
Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit weight of any known fuel-52,000 Btu/lb (120.7 kJ/g). It burns cleanly. When hydrogen is burned with oxygen, the only byproducts are heat and water. When burned with air, which is about 68% nitrogen, some oxides of nitrogen are formed. The process of converting hydrogen to energy using engines or fuel cells is much more efficient than the comparable gasoline counterparts.
Sources
U.S. Department of Energy
National Hydrogen Association
How does hydrogen compare with other fuels like gasoline and diesel?
Hydrogen can be totally nonpolluting (water is the exhaust).
Hydrogen can be economically competitive with gasoline or diesel.
Hydrogen can be as safe as gasoline, diesel, or natural gas.
Hydrogen can help reduce our dependence on imported fuels.
Hydrogen can be produced in any country or locale from a variety of energy sources.
Sources
U.S. Department of Energy
National Hydrogen Association
How much hydrogen is consumed to produce 1 kWh of electricity using a PEM fuel cell?
In general, to produce 1 kilowatt (kW) of electricity for 1 hour (one kilowatt-hour, kWh) from a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell requires about 25-27 standard cubic feet (scf) of hydrogen. A standard cubic foot (scf) is the amount of hydrogen that occupies one cubic foot of space when it is not pressurized (in other words, at regular atmospheric pressure) and at 60 degrees F (a little cooler than room temperature). To convert to other units, visit our page of conversion tables and calculators.
Source
Plug Power
What is the octane rating of hydrogen?
Short answer: "130+" according to a study done by the College of the Desert and Sunline Transit Agency
Longer answer: The octane rating of gasoline tells you how much the fuel can be compressed before it spontaneously ignites. When gas ignites by compression rather than because of the spark from the spark plug, it causes "knocking" in the engine. Knocking can damage an engine, so it is not something you want to have happening. Lower-octane gas (like "regular" 87-octane gasoline) can handle the least amount of compression before igniting compared to higher octane grades (like "super" 93-octane gasoline).
The compression ratio of your engine determines the octane rating of the gas you must use in the car. One way to increase the horsepower of an engine of a given displacement is to increase its compression ratio. So a "high-performance engine" has a higher compression ratio and requires higher-octane fuel. The advantage of a high compression ratio is that it gives your engine a higher horsepower rating for a given engine weight -- that is what makes the engine "high performance." The disadvantage is that for gasoline, it costs more.
Hydrogen has an octane rating of 130 because it can be compressed more than gasoline and 100% octane before the fuel automatically ignites in the engine. (Gasoline with 87-octane has 87% octane, a special kind of hydrocarbon that makes up gasoline and other fuels).
Here are some other octane ratings:
Methane: 125
Propane: 105
Octane: 100
Gasoline: 87
Diesel: 30
Sources
How Stuff Works
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies Course Manual
PRODUCTION
How is hydrogen produced?
How is hydrogen produced? Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. However it is always bonded with something else like oxygen (to make water) or carbon (to make all plants). Hydrogen is all around us, but to use it, we must first separate the hydrogen from the other things bonded to it. One of hydrogen's advantages is that it can be made from a variety of local resources like water, plants, coal, natural gas and even algae. Although having so many choices sounds complicated, it's a great advantage because no one region or country has to be dependant on one resource. This means you can choose whichever resources make the most sense to make hydrogen, environmentally and economically.
Another choice that you have when making hydrogen is how much you make. When we make most fuels today, it's best to make very large quantities in refineries. However, with hydrogen you can just as easily make very small amounts, enough for one camera or cell phone, or very large amounts that could supply an entire town.
Today, in the U.S., over 95% of the hydrogen is made in very large quantities from natural gas, mostly to make fertilizer and to help make gasoline cleaner by removing impurities like sulphur. As hydrogen moves from these large industrial uses to something that you and I commonly use to fuel our businesses, homes, electronics and vehicles, we expect other resources besides natural gas to be used and that it will be made in a variety of amounts depending on how much is needed.
Having this variety of choices when you make hydrogen is part of what makes hydrogen a universal fuel.
For more information, please view our fact sheets.
Source
National Hydrogen Association
How does an electrolyzer produce hydrogen from water?
An electrolyzer uses an electric current to separate water into its components-hydrogen and oxygen. The electricity enters the water at the cathode, a negatively charged electrode, passes through the water and exists via the anode, the positively charged electrode. The hydrogen is collected at the cathode and oxygen is collected at the anode.
Source
U.S. Department of Energy
How much water is used to make hydrogen?
Electrolysis does not require significant amounts of water. The hydrogen extracted from a gallon of water using a hydrogen generator could drive a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle as far as gasoline vehicles travel today on a gallon of gasoline.
Source
Hydrogenappliances.com
How much water would the U.S. use to fuel the entire light-duty vehicle fleet (cars and small trucks) with hydrogen?
Conversion of the current U.S. light-duty fleet (some 230 million vehicles) to fuel cell vehicles would require about 100 billion gallons of water/year to supply the needed hydrogen (1).
For comparison, the U.S. uses about 300 billion gallons of water/year for the production of gasoline (2), about three times the amount needed for hydrogen. Domestic personal water use in the United States is about 4800 billion gallons/year.
Sources:
Turner, John A., "Sustainable Hydrogen Production" Science, Vol 305, Issue 5686, 972-974, 13 August 2004
(1) For an estimate of the amount of water needed for hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles, assume a vehicle fuel economy of 60 miles per kg of H2, that vehicle miles traveled = 2.6 X 10^12 miles/year (found at http://www.bts.gov/
publications/national_transportation_statistics/
2002/html/table_automobile_profile.html), and that 1 gallon of water contains 0.42 kg of H2. Total water required for the U.S. fleet = (2.6 X 10^12 miles/year)(1 kg of H2/60 miles)(1 gal H2O/0.42 kg of H2) = 1.0 X 10^11 gallons of H2O/year. This represents the water used directly for fuel. If one considers all water uses along the chain; for example, from construction of wind farms to the electrolysis systems (life cycle assessment), then the total water use would be in the range of 3.3 X 10^11 gallons H2O/year.
(2) This is a life cycle analysis (M. Mann and M. Whitaker, unpublished data). The United States used about 126
billion gallons of gasoline in 2001 [see link above].
How much energy is required to produce hydrogen via electrolysis of water?
The energy required to produce hydrogen at atmospheric pressure via electrolysis (assuming 1.23 V) is about 32.9 kWh/kg. A kilogram is about 2.2 lb. For 1 mole (2 g) of hydrogen the energy is about 0.0660 kWh/mole. Compressing or liquefying the hydrogen would take additional energy. One company produces hydrogen through electrolysis at about 7,000psi at an energy usage of about 60kWh/kg H (2).
Because a Watt is Voltage x Current, this is equivalent to Power x Rate x Time. The power in this case is the voltage required to split water into hydrogen and oxygen (1.23 V at 25?C). The rate is the current flow and relates directly to how fast hydrogen is produced. Time, of course, is how long the reaction runs. It turns out that voltage and current flow are interrelated. To run the water splitting reaction at a higher rate (generating more hydrogen in a given time), more voltage must be applied (similar to pushing down on the accelerator of a car; more gas is used to make the car go faster.) For commercial electrolysis systems that operate at about 1 A/cm2, a voltage of 1.75 V is required. This translates into about 46.8 kW-hr/kg, which corresponds to an energy efficiency of 70%.
Lowering the voltage for electrolysis, which will increase the energy efficiency of the process, is an important area for research.
Sources
U.S. Department of Energy
National Hydrogen Association
Doesn't it take too much energy to make hydrogen? Is it worth doing?
Like all fuels, it takes energy to produce hydrogen and deliver it to a vehicle. The amount of energy required depends on how the hydrogen is made. Some methods require more energy than others.
While it may take more energy to produce and deliver hydrogen than it takes to produce and deliver gasoline or natural gas, the hydrogen fuel is used more efficiently in hydrogen vehicles. Most hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICEs) are about 25% more efficient than their gasoline counterparts and fuel cells are 100-200% (2-3 times) more efficient. In many cases, the overall "well-to-wheels" energy usage can be much lower for hydrogen vehicles than for gasoline or natural gas vehicles using a conventional internal combustion engine.
Source
National Hydrogen Association
How much hydrogen is produced each year?
The world economy currently consumes about 42 million tons of hydrogen per year. About 60 percent of this becomes feedstock for ammonia production and subsequent use in fertilizer (ORNL, 2003). Petroleum refining consumes another 23 percent, chiefly to remove sulfur and to upgrade the heavier fractions into more valuable products. Another 9 percent is used to manufacture methanol (ORNL, 2003), and the remainder goes for chemical, metallurgical and space purposes (Holt, 2003).
Some recent worldwide hydrogen production totals are shown below:
Origin Amount in billions
Nm3/year Percent
Natural gas 240 48
Oil 150 30
Coal 90 18
Electrolysis 20 4
TOTAL 500 100
Source
U.S. Department of Energy
How much hydrogen does the U.S. use?
Each year, the United States uses more than 9 million tons (about 90 billion normal cubic meters, 3.2 trillion standard cubic feet) of hydrogen, 7.5 million tons of which are consumed at the place of manufacture. The remaining 1.5 million tons are considered to be "merchant" hydrogen, or hydrogen that is sold. Today, most of this hydrogen is used as a chemical, rather than a fuel, in a variety of commercial applications:
Commercial fixation of nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia for fertilizer (about two-thirds of commercial hydrogen is used for this)
Hydrogenation of fats and oils, in which vegetable oils are changed from liquids to solids; shortening is an example of a hydrogenated oil
Methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulphurization
Welding
Hydrochloric acid production
Metallic ore reduction
Cryogenics and the study of superconductivity (liquid hydrogen)
Preventing oxidation in the manufacturing of semi-conductors
Cooling turbines (hydrogen transfers heat very well)
Hydrogen's main use as a fuel is in the space program. Today hydrogen fuels both the main engine of the Space Shuttle and the onboard fuel cells that provide the Shuttle's electric power.
Sources
U.S. Department of Energy
National Hydrogen Association
How much does hydrogen cost?
The estimated costs for producing and delivering hydrogen to the
fueling station using today’s technologies vary from $2.10/gallon of gasoline equivalent (gge) to $9.10/gge. These hydrogen costs do not include highway taxes and do include the increased fuel efficiency of fuel cell vehicles compared to gasoline-powered hybrid electric vehicles. That is, the driver of a fuel cell vehicle would pay the same amount to travel 100 miles on hydrogen as the driver of a gasoline-powered hybrid electric vehicle would pay for gasoline if the price was between $2.10/gallon to $9.10/gallon to travel that same distance.
Source
National Academy of Engineering, "The Hydrogen Economy:
Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs"(2004), Fig. 5-1
Projected costs using future technology if current R&D efforts are
successful would reduce the cost of hydrogen to the range between $1.75/gge to $4.25/gge. Thus hydrogen is expected to be competitive with gasoline per mile driven.
Source
National Academy of Engineering, "The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs"(2004), Fig. 5-3
In addition, some NHA member companies are projecting that they can produce and deliver hydrogen economically to fueling stations at costs as low as $1.20/gallon of gasoline equivalent, again untaxed. After adding the average US highway taxes (federal and state) of $0.43/gallon, hydrogen would still be less expensive than gasoline per mile traveled.
How is hydrogen bought and sold today?
In smaller quantities, hydrogen is often bought and sold in cylinders, which allows it to be easily transported as a compressed gas between where it is produced and where it is used. These cylinders are most commonly made of steel and come in a variety of sizes that hold different amounts of hydrogen at different pressures. Two of the most common sizes are the “K” (or “200”) cylinder and the “T” (or “300”) cylinder. See the tables and images below for specifications on each cylinder size and common purchasing quantities for cylinders.
For larger quantities (20,000+ scf), a tube trailer (compressed hydrogen) or liquid tanker truck (liquid hydrogen) is more likely to be used for delivery. Tube trailer quantities range from 45,000 scf (for a “pup trailer”) to 125,000 scf for the large trailers. A common size in the middle is 70,000 scf. Liquid truck capacities range from about 1,000,000 to 1,800,000 scf.
Notes
Water capacity is the amount of water the cylinder could hold if filled with water (Water cannot be pressurized.).
A standard cubic foot (scf) is the amount of hydrogen that occupies one cubic foot of space when it is not pressurized (in other words, at regular atmospheric pressure) and at 60 degrees F (a little cooler than room temperature).
Runtime shows the amount of time in hours that a 5 kW PEM fuel cell, fueled by hydrogen, would provide electricity if running continuously at full capacity. In general, one T cylinder lasts just less than 2 hours. These times are approximate since the usable volume of hydrogen might be slightly less than the total amount stored, depending on the pressure needed by the fuel cell.
1 kilogram = 423 scf
Common Hydrogen Cylinder Sizes Size Water capacity (l) Pressure (psi) Capacity (scf/kg) Empty Weight (lbs) Runtime @ 5kW (hrs)
200 or K 43.8 2265 196/0.463 124 1.59
300 or T 49.6 2400 261/0.617 155 1.91
Common Hydrogen Purchasing Quantities Size Capacity (scf) Runtime @
5kW (hrs)
1 cylinder 200 / K 196 1.6
1 cylinder 300 / T 261 1.9
6 cylinders 200 / K 1176 9.5
6 cylinders 300 / T 1566 11.5
12 cylinders 200 / K 2352 19.1
12 cylinders 300 / T 3132 22.9
18 cylinders 200 / K 3528 28.6
18 cylinders 300 / T 4698 34.4
72 cylinders 300 / T 18,792 137
Tube Trailer 70,000 513
Sources
Plug Power
Linde Group
Air Products
National Hydrogen Association
VEHICLES
How do hydrogen vehicles work?
There are two main kinds, fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.
Fuel cell vehicles are electric cars. Hydrogen is pumped into a tank in the car, just as with gasoline. The hydrogen gas is then fed into the fuel cell where it is electrochemically converted into electricity -- with no combustion, no moving parts, and no emissions other than water vapor. The electricity is used to power the vehicle. A fuel cell is also 2-3 times more energy efficient than a gasoline engine.
Hydrogen ICE vehicles use a regular combustion engine modified to use gaseous hydrogen instead of liquid gasoline (much like a natural gas vehicle is modified). They burn hydrogen, but since there is no carbon in hydrogen, there are no CO2 emissions and only trace amounts of NOx (oxides of nitrogen--the air we breathe is 79% nitrogen). Hydrogen ICE vehicles are typically about 30% more efficient than comparable gasoline vehicles.
Both types can be hybridized for additional gains in efficiency, by adding an electricity storage device like a battery or capacitor.
Source
Q&A with Dan Sperling, director of the Institute of Transportation Studies; associate director of the Energy Efficiency Center and professor of Transportation Engineering and Environmental Policy at the University of California, Davis.
If all cars ran on hydrogen, and all hydrogen was made from water, would we run out of water?
Conversion of the current U.S. light-duty fleet (some 230 million vehicles) to fuel cell vehicles would require about 100 billion gallons of water/year to supply the needed hydrogen (1). Domestic personal water use in the United States is about 4800 billion gallons/year.
The U.S. uses about 300 billion gallons of water/year for the production of gasoline (2), and about 70 trillion gallons of water/year for thermoelectric power generation (3).
Solar and wind power do not require water for their electricity generation. So not only do these resources provide sustainable carbon-free energy, they reduce the water requirements for power generation.
Sources
Turner, John A., "Sustainable Hydrogen Production" Science, Vol 305, Issue 5686, 972-974, 13 August 2004
1) For an estimate of the amount of water needed for hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles, assume a vehicle fuel economy of 60 miles per kg of H2, that vehicle miles traveled = 2.6 X 10^12 miles/year (found at ),and that 1 gallon of water contains 0.42 kg of H2. Total water required for the U.S. fleet = (2.6 X 10^12 miles/year)(1 kg of H2/60 miles)(1 gal H2O/0.42 kg of H2) = 1.0 X 10^11 gallons of H2O/year. This represents the water used directly for fuel. If one considers all water uses along the chain; for example, from construction of wind farms to the electrolysis systems (life cycle assessment), then the total water use would be in the range of 3.3 X 10^11 gallons H2O/year.
2) This is a life cycle analysis (M. Mann and M. Whitaker, unpublished data). The United States used about 126
billion gallons of gasoline in 2001 [see link above].
3) See http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/
How viable are hydrogen vehicles as an alternative to gasoline-powered cars?
In many ways, they are more viable than gasoline. A fuel cell electric vehicle is better suited to modern vehicles that increasingly use electrical systems in place of mechanical and hydraulic to steer, brake, and control the various functions of the vehicle. Also, in a fuel cell vehicle, the entire powertrain can be consolidated into a flat "skateboard" chassis, providing automakers much design freedom in latching all sorts of different vehicle bodies on to the chassis -- without having to work around a protruding, heat-producing engine and large mechanical driveline. A fuel cell is also 2-3 times more energy efficient than a gasoline engine.
Other vehicles that use hydrogen in a regular combustion engine are also very viable. They use existing engine technology, modified to use gaseous hydrogen. Hydrogen ICE vehicles are about 30% more efficient than comparable gasoline vehicles and produce ultra-low emissions, with no CO2.
Source
Q&A with Dan Sperling, director of the Institute of Transportation Studies; associate director of the Energy Efficiency Center and professor of Transportation Engineering and Environmental Policy at the University of California, Davis and the National Hydrogen Association
What happens to the tank in my car if I get rear-ended?
Hydrogen tanks, whether they are filled with gaseous or liquid hydrogen are incredibly strong-MUCH stronger than the gasoline tanks found in vehicles today. For example, this car was dropped on its back end from 90 feet (reaching 52 mph as it hit the ground), with a hydrogen tank secured in the trunk. The tank was undamaged and no hydrogen was leaked.
Source
Sandia National Laboratories
Will I ever be able to buy a hydrogen-powered vehicle?
Every major automaker is developing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, although some are focusing on internal combustion engines instead of fuel cells. Existing cars can be converted to run on hydrogen, and several major car companies either have demonstration hydrogen cars or are due to release them in the next few years. The successful development of advanced hydrogen storage systems will accelerate the introduction of truly clean fuel cell vehicles.
There is at least one automaker planning to begin selling them to the public at a reasonable price as early as 2009, and several aiming for a few years after that. But this depends on fuel suppliers building more hydrogen fueling stations and the government offering incentives to buyers (as they do now for hybrid vehicles).
Source
U.S. Department of Energy and Q&A with Dan Sperling, director of the Institute of Transportation Studies; associate director of the Energy Efficiency Center and professor of Transportation Engineering and Environmental Policy at the University of California, Davis.
Where can I find information on the progress that hydrogen vehicles and fueling stations are making under DOE's Technology Validation Program?
For reports, slides and composite data, visit http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_tech_validation.html.
How many hydrogen fueling stations exist or are planned?
You can find stations in your area of the U.S. and Canada, including maps and details on the equipment, at the NHA's Fueling Station Database:
www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/fuelingSearch.asp.
SAFETY
Is hydrogen safe?
Most fuels have high energy content and must be handled properly to be safe. Hydrogen is no different. In general, hydrogen is neither more nor less inherently hazardous than gasoline, propane, or methane. As with any fuel, safe handling depends on knowledge of its particular physical, chemical, and thermal properties and consideration of safe ways to accommodate those properties. Hydrogen, handled with this knowledge, is a safe fuel.
Hydrogen has been safely produced, stored, transported, and used in large amounts in industry by following standard practices that have been established in the past 50 years. These practices can be emulated in non-industrial uses of hydrogen to attain the same level of routine safety.
View our Hydrogen Safety fact sheet (215Kb PDF)
Source
National Hydrogen Association
If hydrogen has a wider flammability range than gasoline, doesn't that make it unsafe to use?
While hydrogen has a wider flammability range than gasoline, the range is only a piece of the story when considering the likelihood of a fire resulting from hydrogen escaping into the atmosphere. Each fuel has different properties that must be considered along with flammability range.
For example: Gasoline's narrow flammability range is a bit misleading, since this range can easily and often be reached through normal consumer handling of gasoline and certainly if spilled. There are of course gasoline fires but, as we know, fires certainly don't occur every time gasoline vapors are released to the open air, because the vapors fail to find an ignition source in time.
Hydrogen has a wider flammability range, but because it is lighter than air (50 times lighter than gasoline vapors and even lighter than helium) and diffuses 12 times faster than gasoline vapors do, it is very difficult for hydrogen gas to find a suitable ignition source in an open environment, like a fueling station.
Hydrogen systems used for vehicular fueling are designed to provide public safety just as gasoline systems are designed to do. While both fueling systems utilize break-away hoses, shear valves, and monitoring systems, hydrogen systems go a step further.
Hydrogen fuelers are designed as "closed" systems, meaning that the fuel is not exposed to the atmosphere - unlike gasoline which can be spilled fairly easily during refueling. This closed system design approach keeps hydrogen always within proper containment and does not allow oxygen or air to mix with the fuel, thereby eliminating one of the required combustion elements needed to create a fire. This further mitigates hydrogen's low ignition energy property, compared to gasoline, by never allowing a spark or ignition source to have any ability to interact with the hydrogen gas.
Finally, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the International Code Council (ICC) have incorporated hydrogen into their standards and model codes. These codes reflect the differences in properties between gasoline and hydrogen (and natural gas as well) through requirements related to setback distances, control systems, and other public safety elements.
Source
Shell Hydrogen LLC
Is hydrogen harmful to breathe?
Accidentally breathing a small amount of hydrogen won't harm you. Hydrogen is non-toxic to humans, animals and the envionment. Like other commonly-used gases, hydrogen displaces, or pushes away, oxygen. If the oxygen you were trying to breathe was displaced by so much hydrogen that you were breathing very little oxygen, problems could result. Since hydrogen disperses (rises and spreads out) very quickly, there’s a very low risk of breathing too much.
Did hydrogen cause the Hindenburg accident?
The fire that destroyed the Hindenburg in 1937 gave hydrogen a misleading reputation. Hydrogen was used to keep the airship buoyant and was initially blamed for the disaster. An investigation by Addison Bain in the 1990s provided evidence that the airship's fabric envelope was coated with reactive chemicals, similar to solid rocket fuel, and was easily ignitable by an electrical discharge. The Zeppelin Company, builder of the Hindenburg, has since confirmed that the flammable, doped outer cover is to be blamed for the fire.
For more information, view a short video (Real Media)
Source
National Hydrogen Association
How is burning hydrogen different than the reaction in the H-bomb?
Burning hydrogen, just like burning gasoline, natural gas, or a candle, is a chemical reaction, which means that electrons get shifted around and new compounds are made, like water, but the basic atoms remain the same.
The thermonuclear explosion from a hydrogen bomb is the consequence of a nuclear fusion reaction. During this reacton, the two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, collide at very high energy to fuse into helium nuclei, releasing tremendous amounts of energy.
To get these rare isotopes of hydrogen to fuse requires extraordinary temperatures (hundreds of millions of degrees). These temperatures are supplied in a thermonuclear weapon (in this case, an H-bomb) by setting off an atomic, or fission, bomb to trigger the fusion reaction.
However, commercial hydrogen gas contains no deuterium and no tritium. Without these isotopes, it is physically impossible for ordinary hydrogen gas to produce a thermonuclear reaction under any circumstances.
Source
U.S. Department of Energy
National Hydrogen Association
MISCELLANEOUS
Where do I find information on investing in hydrogen technologies?
The NHA does not offer stock tips, however, we encourage you ask your financial advisor about investing in NHA member companies.
Here are some other resources for financial information on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies:
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Investor News
http://www.h2fc.com/
Distributed Energy Stock Index (DESI) http://www.defgllc.com/DESI.php
Source
National Hydrogen Association |
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cyrus Site Admin
![](http://www.activistchat.com/WTC/images/icyruswithclynder.gif)
Joined: 24 Jun 2003 Posts: 4993
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Posted: Thu Jun 05, 2008 2:48 am Post subject: HHO Gas Part One |
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In This Century Real Change Starts With Cheap Hydrogen Fuel & Solar Energy As Alternative to Fossil Fuels - Great Change For Better Delivered By World Brilliant Engineering Minds Not Politicians ....
Must Watch and Learn From Roy McAlister The Hydrogen Fuel Expert With 40 Years Experience
ActivistChat 7007 wrote: |
The Free World Did Not Listen To Shah Of Iran Warning Otherwise We Would Not Face The Global Warning Today And Based On Many Facts We Think Shah Of Iran Deserves to Win Nobel Peace Prize Too ....
Why and How did we get here with Global Warming, Did Not Replace Oil With Clean/Safe Hydrogen and Created Today Islamist Mess In Iran, Iraq ...?
Source URL: http://www.bookrags.com/1973_oil_crisis
The West could not continue to increase its energy use 5% annually, pay low oil prices, yet sell inflation-priced goods to the petroleum producers in the Third World. This was stressed by the Shah of Iran, whose nation was the world's second-largest exporter of oil and the closest ally of the United States in the Middle East at the time. "Of course [the world price of oil] is going to rise," the Shah told the New York Times in 1973. "Certainly! And how...; You [Western nations] increased the price of wheat you sell us by 300%, and the same for sugar and cement...; You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, redefined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid to us...; It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more."[2]
Characteristic Candor
Short Video Clip of Shah's Message to the Free World Leaders Wake Up Call For Taking Too Many Sleeping Pills were ignored and After 33 Years Today We can see the result of Free World Leaders Mistakes
http://community.activistchat.com/kickapps/service/displayMediaPlayPage.kickAction?mediaType=VIDEO&mediaId=43795&as=4685
Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon Said "The Shah is a nut." who is pushing for higher and higher oil prices Monday, Jul. 29, 1974
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911453,00.html
After 30 years of major Wars in Middle East, Islamist Terrorism and environmental disaster for planet earth the Environmentalist And Global Warming activists should consider the elected Free World leaders and Neo Colonialists who ignored the facts as real NUT because they were not faithful to the American founding fathers vision, principle, spirit of freedom, US constitution which are defined as below:
1- Have a secular democracy purpose
2- Have a Human Rights purpose
3- Have a Free Society purpose
4- Have a primary effect to increase freedom at global level.
5- Have the element of War Of Ideas to expand public awareness, education and expansion of truth.
6- Have an element of Freedom of Choice
7- Applying the U.S.A. Supreme Court accepted "Lemon test," to foreign policy decisions, strategy and conduct. According to the "Lemon test," in order to be constitutional, a law or public act must: a) Have a secular purpose. b) Have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. c) Not result in excessive governmental entanglement with religion.
8- Move towards better unified global fair Justice System.
Over 2500 years ago The Ethical Persian Empire created by Cyrus The Great with the simple philosophy of Good Words, Good Thoughts and Good Deeds based on Human Rights and in past 30 years G8 countries policy towards Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan and others was based on Bad Words, Bad Thoughts, Bad Deeds, Extreme Greed , Ignored Human Rights, Not Supported Secular Democracy, corruption and Supported Islamic Fascist Occupiers Of Iran for Cheap Oil , exploitation of their resources and selling Arms for short term profit…..
Shah Of Iran like all other leaders of world is not without mistakes and one of his biggest mistake, accepting wrong advise from both US and UK leaders not to give political freedom to Iranian people while allowing the Mullahs and Islamists to operate freely for wrong westeren fear factor from communism buble ….
After 60 years of free world leaders careless mistakes, it is time to remember Shah of Iran as honorable man of peace with correct policy and vision regarding Oil prices and if the free world leaders had accepted his correct vision the world would not face with the kind of Global Warming and Point Of No Return that we are facing today, Islamist Mafia network…
The Islamist Mafia Terror Networks started with planned and plotted Islamist Revolution coup in Iran , which directly connected to 2 Afghanistan Wars, 3 Iraqi Wars, Iran-Iraq War, Sept 11, Islamist Terrorism ....
The elected free world leaders and UN might not be able to solve the complex Global Warming problem in short period of time however they have good chance to stop expansion of Islamist Mafia terror network cancer now if we focus on regime change in Iran and stop appeasing Islamist minority in Iran and try our best to replace the Islamist Mafia system in Iran with Free Society and secular democracy before it becomes too late …. Accepting that Mr. Simon, and other Free World leaders who all failed us in past 30 years by ignoring the known facts is opening the new window for better understanding and strategy in future if we can increase public awareness for TRUTH without any dogma, hidden agenda and beginning of new Era …
Background Facts and Truth wrote: |
Introduction:
The perspective we get on Earth, our planet appears to be big and sturdy with an endless ocean of air. From space, astronauts often get the impression that the Earth is small with a thin, fragile layer of atmosphere. For a space traveler, the distinguishing Earth features are the blue waters, brown and green land masses and white clouds set against a black background. We should love and respect our small beautiful mother earth planet.
Many dream of traveling in space and viewing the wonders of the universe. In reality all of us are space travelers. Our spaceship is the planet Earth, traveling at the speed of 108,000 kilometers (67,000 miles) an hour. In order to control unlimited human greed and power in this century we must educate ourselves that as long as men can not create self sufficient spaceship like earth we must be wise how we use the earth resources and men is not the only owner of this spaceship.
Global warming is a real and alarming event that is not being given the attention it deserves - awareness of this problem by public is the key for finding solution and avoiding to get worse than what it is Bleakest report ever on global warming
Almost 6 decades of cheap petroleum have had devastating effects on both the demand and the supply side of the world's energy balance. The great conservation efforts, originally launched in the aftermath of the 1973 Arab oil embargo and the resulting explosion in oil prices, have been abandoned. By 1975 even Americans, with their passion for large cars, were buying mostly so-called compacts with four-cylinder engines, and the smallest cars on the market were the ones most in demand.
We have to wonder what future generations are going to say about us if we can not stop this stupidity of careless free world politicians who are directly responsible for Global Warming of No Point of Return , this madness of our generation will get the blame for letting it happen. The Free World governments wrong greedy corrupt energy policies, our Cars, our City Planning , our Home Buildings, our office Buildings … are all based on cheap oil and energy with endless supply of energy without considering any side effects and consequences.
Watch Superb 30 Seconds Question By American Family For Presidential Candidates
Global Warming Facts by the Numbers Chilling statistics to Think About :
Source URL: http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?contentID=4981
* 1 Rank of 2005 as hottest year on record (tied with 1998), according to NASA.
* 100% Increase in intensity and duration of hurricanes and tropical storms since the 1970's, according to a 2005 MIT study.
* $100 Billion Estimate of damage caused by hurricanes hitting the U.S. coast in 2005 alone, according to the National Climatic Data Center.
* 2030 Year by which Glacier National Park will have no glaciers left, according to the U.S. Geological Survey predictions.
* 400,000 Square miles of Arctic sea ice that have melted in the last 30 years (roughly the size of Texas), threatening polar bear habitats and further accelerating global warming worldwide, according to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.
* 15-37% Amount of plant and animal species that global warming could wipe out by 2050.
Video Clip Global Warming: Point of No Return?
http://community.activistchat.com/kickapps/service/displayMediaPlayPage.kickAction?mediaType=VIDEO&mediaId=57786&as=4685
Past 30 Years Carbon Dioxide Increase :
Source URL: http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/ |
Admitting to A Problem, Root Causes and Accepting Mistakes Are The Best Steps Toward Finding A Better Solution In Future
Are They Hearing Us After 30 Years?
7007 ActivistChat
Now Watch Video Blue Man Group Stop Global Warming
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Last edited by cyrus on Fri Jun 27, 2008 2:03 pm; edited 1 time in total |
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cyrus Site Admin
![](http://www.activistchat.com/WTC/images/icyruswithclynder.gif)
Joined: 24 Jun 2003 Posts: 4993
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Posted: Wed Jun 25, 2008 9:18 pm Post subject: about 90 percent of the atoms in the universe are hydrogen |
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Scientific experiments show that about 90 percent of the atoms in the universe are hydrogen, about 9 percent are helium, and all the other elements account for less than 1 percent.
Source: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552913/hydrogen.html |
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cyrus Site Admin
![](http://www.activistchat.com/WTC/images/icyruswithclynder.gif)
Joined: 24 Jun 2003 Posts: 4993
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Posted: Fri Jun 27, 2008 10:51 am Post subject: North Pole Could be Ice-Free This Summer |
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With many thanks to Free World elected officials and Oil Companies for Global Warming and disaster in progress.
Robert Roy Britt wrote: |
North Pole Could be Ice-Free This Summer (stark sign of global warming)
Robert Roy Britt
LiveScience Managing Editor
LiveScience.com
Thu Jun 26, 10:55 PM ET
http://news.yahoo.com/s/livescience/20080627/sc_livescience/northpolecouldbeicefreethissummer
Arctic sea ice could break apart completely at the North Pole this year, allowing ships to sail over the normally frozen top of the world.
The potential landmark thaw - the first time in human history the pole would be ice-free - is a stark sign of global warming, according to an article Friday on the web site of the The Independent, a London newspaper.
"Symbolically it is hugely important," said Mark Serreze of the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center in Colorado. "There is supposed to be ice at the North Pole, not open water."
Last year, the fabled Northwest Passage opened as Arctic ice retreated more than ever before.
There is no land at the North Pole, but as long as anyone has looked, it has remained a giant block of ice year-round. Scientists have been watching Arctic sea ice melt more and more each year. But each summer in recent years, the amount of ice has gotten thinner and thinner. Each winter's freeze, therefore, results in a thinner pack that, this summer, could melt altogether.
"The issue is that, for the first time that I am aware of, the North Pole is covered with extensive first-year ice," Serreze is quoted by The Independent. "I'd say it's even-odds whether the North Pole melts out."
Russia and other countries, meanwhile, have been arguing over who has rights to the region's resources, including potential oil reserves.
Several studies in recent years have predicted that the North Pole could be ice-free within a few decades. Alarm has ratcheted up every summer as the ice gets thinner and thinner. In a study released June 10, scientist said the rapid meltoff in the Arctic could threaten permafrost in continental soil elsewhere above the Arctic circle in a warm version of the snowball effect.
Last summer saw a record melt of Arctic sea ice, which shrank to more than 30 percent below its average. Around the peak of the melt, in September, air temperatures over land in the western Arctic from August to October were more than 4 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above the 1978-2006 average.
"The rapid loss of sea ice can trigger widespread changes that would be felt across the region," said Andrew Slater, also of the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Video: Melting Sea Ice Seen From Orbit Top 10 Surprising Results of Global Warming North vs. South Poles: 10 Wild Differences Original Story: North Pole Could be Ice-Free This Summer
Visit LiveScience.com for more daily news, views and scientific inquiry with an original, provocative point of view. LiveScience reports amazing, real world breakthroughs, made simple and stimulating for people on the go. Check out our collection of Science, Animal and Dinosaur Pictures, Science Videos, Hot Topics, Trivia, Top 10s, Voting, Amazing Images, Reader Favorites, and more. Get cool gadgets at the new LiveScience Store, sign up for our free daily email newsletter and check out our RSS feeds today! |
Video Clip Global Warming: Point of No Return?
Short Video Clip of Shah's Message to the Free World Leaders Wake Up Call For Taking Too Many Sleeping Pills were ignored and After 33 Years Today We can see the result of Free World Leaders Mistakes
Now Watch Video Blue Man Group Stop Global Warming
ActivistChat 7007 wrote: |
The Free World Did Not Listen To Shah Of Iran Warning Otherwise We Would Not Face The Global Warning Today And Based On Many Facts We Think Shah Of Iran Deserves to Win Nobel Peace Prize Too ....
Why and How did we get here with Global Warming, Did Not Replace Oil With Clean/Safe Hydrogen and Created Today Islamist Mess In Iran, Iraq ...?
Source URL: http://www.bookrags.com/1973_oil_crisis
The West could not continue to increase its energy use 5% annually, pay low oil prices, yet sell inflation-priced goods to the petroleum producers in the Third World. This was stressed by the Shah of Iran, whose nation was the world's second-largest exporter of oil and the closest ally of the United States in the Middle East at the time. "Of course [the world price of oil] is going to rise," the Shah told the New York Times in 1973. "Certainly! And how...; You [Western nations] increased the price of wheat you sell us by 300%, and the same for sugar and cement...; You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, redefined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid to us...; It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more."[2]
Characteristic Candor
Short Video Clip of Shah's Message to the Free World Leaders Wake Up Call For Taking Too Many Sleeping Pills were ignored and After 33 Years Today We can see the result of Free World Leaders Mistakes
http://community.activistchat.com/kickapps/service/displayMediaPlayPage.kickAction?mediaType=VIDEO&mediaId=43795&as=4685
Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon Said "The Shah is a nut." who is pushing for higher and higher oil prices Monday, Jul. 29, 1974
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911453,00.html
After 30 years of major Wars in Middle East, Islamist Terrorism and environmental disaster for planet earth the Environmentalist And Global Warming activists should consider the elected Free World leaders and Neo Colonialists who ignored the facts as real NUT because they were not faithful to the American founding fathers vision, principle, spirit of freedom, US constitution which are defined as below:
1- Have a secular democracy purpose
2- Have a Human Rights purpose
3- Have a Free Society purpose
4- Have a primary effect to increase freedom at global level.
5- Have the element of War Of Ideas to expand public awareness, education and expansion of truth.
6- Have an element of Freedom of Choice
7- Applying the U.S.A. Supreme Court accepted "Lemon test," to foreign policy decisions, strategy and conduct. According to the "Lemon test," in order to be constitutional, a law or public act must: a) Have a secular purpose. b) Have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. c) Not result in excessive governmental entanglement with religion.
8- Move towards better unified global fair Justice System.
Over 2500 years ago The Ethical Persian Empire created by Cyrus The Great with the simple philosophy of Good Words, Good Thoughts and Good Deeds based on Human Rights and in past 30 years G8 countries policy towards Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan and others was based on Bad Words, Bad Thoughts, Bad Deeds, Extreme Greed , Ignored Human Rights, Not Supported Secular Democracy, corruption and Supported Islamic Fascist Occupiers Of Iran for Cheap Oil , exploitation of their resources and selling Arms for short term profit…..
Shah Of Iran like all other leaders of world is not without mistakes and one of his biggest mistake, accepting wrong advise from both US and UK leaders not to give political freedom to Iranian people while allowing the Mullahs and Islamists to operate freely for wrong westeren fear factor from communism buble ….
After 60 years of free world leaders careless mistakes, it is time to remember Shah of Iran as honorable man of peace with correct policy and vision regarding Oil prices and if the free world leaders had accepted his correct vision the world would not face with the kind of Global Warming and Point Of No Return that we are facing today, Islamist Mafia network…
The Islamist Mafia Terror Networks started with planned and plotted Islamist Revolution coup in Iran , which directly connected to 2 Afghanistan Wars, 3 Iraqi Wars, Iran-Iraq War, Sept 11, Islamist Terrorism ....
The elected free world leaders and UN might not be able to solve the complex Global Warming problem in short period of time however they have good chance to stop expansion of Islamist Mafia terror network cancer now if we focus on regime change in Iran and stop appeasing Islamist minority in Iran and try our best to replace the Islamist Mafia system in Iran with Free Society and secular democracy before it becomes too late …. Accepting that Mr. Simon, and other Free World leaders who all failed us in past 30 years by ignoring the known facts is opening the new window for better understanding and strategy in future if we can increase public awareness for TRUTH without any dogma, hidden agenda and beginning of new Era …
Background Facts and Truth wrote: |
Introduction:
The perspective we get on Earth, our planet appears to be big and sturdy with an endless ocean of air. From space, astronauts often get the impression that the Earth is small with a thin, fragile layer of atmosphere. For a space traveler, the distinguishing Earth features are the blue waters, brown and green land masses and white clouds set against a black background. We should love and respect our small beautiful mother earth planet.
Many dream of traveling in space and viewing the wonders of the universe. In reality all of us are space travelers. Our spaceship is the planet Earth, traveling at the speed of 108,000 kilometers (67,000 miles) an hour. In order to control unlimited human greed and power in this century we must educate ourselves that as long as men can not create self sufficient spaceship like earth we must be wise how we use the earth resources and men is not the only owner of this spaceship.
Global warming is a real and alarming event that is not being given the attention it deserves - awareness of this problem by public is the key for finding solution and avoiding to get worse than what it is Bleakest report ever on global warming
Almost 6 decades of cheap petroleum have had devastating effects on both the demand and the supply side of the world's energy balance. The great conservation efforts, originally launched in the aftermath of the 1973 Arab oil embargo and the resulting explosion in oil prices, have been abandoned. By 1975 even Americans, with their passion for large cars, were buying mostly so-called compacts with four-cylinder engines, and the smallest cars on the market were the ones most in demand.
We have to wonder what future generations are going to say about us if we can not stop this stupidity of careless free world politicians who are directly responsible for Global Warming of No Point of Return , this madness of our generation will get the blame for letting it happen. The Free World governments wrong greedy corrupt energy policies, our Cars, our City Planning , our Home Buildings, our office Buildings … are all based on cheap oil and energy with endless supply of energy without considering any side effects and consequences.
Watch Superb 30 Seconds Question By American Family For Presidential Candidates
Global Warming Facts by the Numbers Chilling statistics to Think About :
Source URL: http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?contentID=4981
* 1 Rank of 2005 as hottest year on record (tied with 1998), according to NASA.
* 100% Increase in intensity and duration of hurricanes and tropical storms since the 1970's, according to a 2005 MIT study.
* $100 Billion Estimate of damage caused by hurricanes hitting the U.S. coast in 2005 alone, according to the National Climatic Data Center.
* 2030 Year by which Glacier National Park will have no glaciers left, according to the U.S. Geological Survey predictions.
* 400,000 Square miles of Arctic sea ice that have melted in the last 30 years (roughly the size of Texas), threatening polar bear habitats and further accelerating global warming worldwide, according to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.
* 15-37% Amount of plant and animal species that global warming could wipe out by 2050.
Video Clip Global Warming: Point of No Return?
http://community.activistchat.com/kickapps/service/displayMediaPlayPage.kickAction?mediaType=VIDEO&mediaId=57786&as=4685
Past 30 Years Carbon Dioxide Increase :
Source URL: http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/ |
Admitting to A Problem, Root Causes and Accepting Mistakes Are The Best Steps Toward Finding A Better Solution In Future
Are They Hearing Us After 30 Years?
7007 ActivistChat
Now Watch Video Blue Man Group Stop Global Warming
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